We Need a Retirement Plan

With the way the economy is today, we need all the money we can get especially when we retire. The topic of my paper is â€Å"We do not need a retirement plan because social security will cover our needs when we retire. This is a topic that I strongly disagree with; Social Security alone will not be enough to cover our needs when we retire. Social Security or SSI is a program financed through general revenues; it is designed to help adults who are blind, the elderly and disabled people who have little or no income. SSI provides cash to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter. Whether you can get SSI depends on your income and things you own. SSI benefits are payable to adults who have limited income and resources, meet the living requirements, and are otherwise eligible. If you don’t fall into any of these categories and you have already retired without a retirement plan, you won’t have a source of income to support yourself. The Federal benefit rate for a SSI payment is $674 dollars, as we all know $674. 0 is not nearly enough to live, and that may only be enough to pay your rent. You will still have other living expenses such as food, bills, and personal items, not to mention health care. Although there is Medicaid, and Medicare but not everyone is eligible to receive those benefits. These are a few reasons why Social Security will not be enough to cover our needs when we retire without a retirement plan. With Social Security there is no guarantee that you will qualify to receive payment. SSI is based on your income, money that you receive such as wedges, other SSI benefits, and pensions. The amount of income you can receive each month and still get SSI depends partly on where you live. Some of the resources used in the qualification process are; real estate, bank accounts, stocks and bonds, and cash. You may be able to receive SSI benefits if your resources are worth no more than $2,000. A couple may be eligible to receive SSI benefits if their resources are worth no more than $3,000. Another big issue with retirement is Health Care. Sure Medical insurance is included when you receive Social Security called Medicare and Medicaid, but again you have to qualify for that as well. You may think that Medicaid and Medicare are the same; actually they are two different programs. Medicaid is a state run program that provides hospital and medical coverage for people with low income and little or no resources. Each state has its own rules about who is eligible and what is covered under Medicaid. The program helps with the cost of health care, but it does not over all medical expenses or the cost of most long-term care. Medicare is financed by a portion of the payroll taxes paid by workers and their employers. It also is financed in part by monthly premiums deducted from Social Security checks. Some people qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is our country’s health insurance program for people age 65 or older. Certain people younger than age 65 can qualify for Medicare, too, including those who have disa bilities and those who have permanent kidney failure or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease). In order to qualify for Medicare before the age of 65 if; you have been entitled to Social Security disability benefits for 24 months; or you receive a disability pension from the railroad retirement board and meet certain conditions; or you worked long enough in a government job where Medicare taxes were paid and you meet the requirements of the Social Security disability program; or you are the child or the widow(er) age 50, or older, including a divorced widow(er), of someone who has worked long enough in a government job where Medicare taxes were paid and you meet the requirement of the Social Security disability program. During my research I was able to interview 3 people; Thomas Burrell a retired veteran who has SSI and retirement, Kathy Burrell retired from the school system that only has retirement, and Thelma Kelly an elderly woman who is retired but only receives SSI. Mr. Burrell is retired from the military in 1991, retired from the United States Postal Service in 2001; he started to receive SSI benefits in 2001. When I interviewed Mr. Burrell, he had a lot to say about SSI and retirement. Even though he is receiving both, he knows that if he only had one benefit he would not be able to maintain his lifestyle. By Mr. Burrell receiving SSI and retirement he is able to provide for his family. As far as health care goes, Mr. Burrell has Medicare. By him receiving retirement he does not qualify for Medicaid which will cover all of your medical needs. You are not making a lot of money with either the SSI benefit or retirement, but with both combined you will be able to survive. T. Burrell (personal communication, April 6, 2011) Kathy Burrell, who has just retired in January of this year, only has a retirement plan and no SSI benefits. Mrs. Burrell retired through the Florida Retirement System (FRS) and the 401K plan, and being employed in Florida you have to wait 4 months after you retire to access your money. You will need to have some kind of income to last until you receive your full retirement. Mrs. Burrell knows that she is not able to survive on retirement alone. If she didn’t have a husband, after she retired she would have to get another form of income to make ends meet. As far as health care goes, If Mrs. Burrell did not have military insurance from her husband; she would not have or be able to afford it. K. Burrell (personal communication, April 6, 2011) Thelma Kelly a resident of Columbia, South Carolina has been retired for the past 15 years. Mrs. Kelly who is a widow has been receiving SSI benefits from her late husband, and because she is eligible. Mrs. Kelly receives $700. 00 a month, says that it is a blessing that she does not have a house payment because she would not be able to afford it. Mrs. Kelly struggles every month to make her $700. 00 a month check last for food, gas, utility bills, and other personal items. T. Kelly (personal communication, April 6, 2011) In conclusion it would be beneficial to have a retirement plan along with Social Security benefits to be able to support yourself. As mentioned earlier there are a lot of stipulations and requirements in order to qualify for Social Security. Social Security alone will not be enough to cover our needs when we retire.

Today’s Mythology

Mythology from the word itself means the study of myths. For the Greeks it was their attempt to explain the unexplainable, i.e. why the Sun rise and Sets or why man was created, for other peoples it was pretty much the same myths explained the gaps in their limited scientific knowledge. Today, we know a lot more about the working of the world and rely less on myths and more on science. However, the Gods, Heroes and Monsters of old are still relevant because the help us explain how human nature works.The website www.wgsn.com. is like Greek gods because they set the trends that designers will follow. This is after the fashion of the gods because the gods exemplified what was â€Å"good† behavior for Greeks, or at least what was acceptable in Zeus’ case. For example Ares, god of war, exemplified how warriors should be like, cruel and pitiless to foes valiant in battle. Like him   www.wgsn.com leads the way and show us what fashion for the next season will be like. There are a few brave souls who go against the trends displayed there   but there are few and rarely successful. After all, he who goes against the grain risks being ostracized by his peers.Turkish culture is also another god for me. Its rich culture inherited the cultural wealth of two great Empires. Both the Byzantines and the Ottoman Turks once called Turkey its heartland, at the height of their powers they were the center of the cultural world. I am honored to have inherited such a rich past and work to bring out my unique cultural individuality in my art.Monsters representations of excess that should be avoided. In fact, monsters in mythology are monsters precisely because they have either an excess or lack some human faculty. For example, the Minotaur is a monster because it was shaped like a man but was half bull. The Cyclops was a monster not only because it only had one eye but also because it lack human decency and compassion. Untidiness and moodiness are my monsters because t hey suppress my creative juices. If I am untidy I will not be able to properly design my creations and I might even end up ruining an otherwise brilliant design. When I become moody all creativity leaps out the window like a thief in the night. When I am moody I am not able to think objectively and I risk not finishing the work I set out to do. Like the monsters of old they can prevent me from becoming the best that I can be and I should always maintain constant vigilance against them.Heroes are a source of inspiration and pride for their people. Aeneas was mere prince of Troy in Homer’s Iliad. Virgil transformed him into the founder of Rome. His destiny was to found a new home for his exiled people. He suffered many setbacks and temptations. In spite of all the challenges Aeneas triumphed and made a new home for his people in Italy. Like Aeneas we face many challenges and trials in daily life. But if we persevere we may someday fulfill our own destiny.The same is true for my heroes Christobal Balenciaga and Coco Chanel. Both exemplify the highest levels of excellence that can be achieved in fashion. The Balenciaga and Chanel empires stand to this day as monuments to their skills in their art. Like any fashion designer I aspire to be as great as them someday. After all, which designer does not fancy that someday his or her name will live on immortalized in yearly fashion shows in Milan or Paris? Brightman, Robert A. (1988). â€Å"The Windigo in the Material World†. Ethnohistory 35Homer, Iliad II, 819-21; V, 217-575; XIII, 455-544; XX, 75-352;The Aeneid at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/228

The Thousand Languages Of Children - 1943 Words

â€Å"The child has a hundred languages (and a hundred hundred hundred more)† Loris Malaguzzi, (Edwards, 1998) Language is everywhere, it’s in books, in our minds, in our bodies and in our communities. It’s used to express and communicate, to describe and analyse. In the poem â€Å"The Hundred Languages of Children.† Loris Malaguzzi (Edwards,1998), describes children as having, as the title dictates, a hundred languages but also a hundred hundred more. This quotes shows just how vast the concept of language is. Language in itself is hard to define as there are so many components and concepts to consider. But to narrow it down, Language can be placed under three major categories (Gee Hayes, 2011, p. 6); Language is a material object present in in†¦show more content†¦Cremin Myhill (2012) describe being able to write, and read, as being a gateway to empowerment; this is because writing is a requirement of most academic schools and tertiary institutions. For this reason it is imperative that teachers engage in language education and help their students grow as wri ters. The language of writing itself is a complex system of rules and processes that each child learns as they progress through school, using their teachers’ knowledge to slowly build on these skills. Languages of other cultures also exhibit these rules and processes that the language users must abide by, they may not be uniform across all languages however all rules would be present (Green, 2006). An excellent example of this is the syntactic structures of languages. Syntax as described by Emmitt et al (2010, p.128), is a system of rules that describes how words are related and that sentences are more then just words in a random order. Instead syntax can be seen as a process that allows certain information to be extracted by words uttered in context (Marten, 2006, p. X). However it is not just the combination of words that makes a meaning. The individual words need to be taken into consideration, this is referred to as the semantics of language. As Emmitt et al (2010, p.136) sugges ts, knowing the meaning associated with the individual word it allows the recipient of the text to have a clearer interpretation of the syntax combinations. Essentially,Show MoreRelatedAfrican Countries And Africa s Modern Day Lingual Issues1536 Words   |  7 Pagesplanet due to the thousands of cultures that are able to thrive there. Africa is the most lingual diverse continent in the world with over three-thousand languages spoken there. The most common languages spoken in Africa are English, French, and Portuguese, however most African countries are composed of tribes, each with their own dialect of language. The issue lies in the fact that most of these languages are not mutually intelligible. Therefore, having thousands of languages has contributedRead MoreMy Own Classroom Is Important For Developing Listening And Receptive Language979 Words   |  4 PagesI think language and literacy are not only incredibly important, but can be one of the most enjoyable parts of lea rning. If I do decide to go back into a classroom, I would love to return to a preschool setting. When these children are learning language skills, there are so many different ways tat they pick them up. I am a huge believer in learning through play, and at this age especially. Games like Simon Says are great for developing listening and receptive language. Preschool children are preparingRead More Chinese Culture Essay852 Words   |  4 Pages China has about five thousand years history which is a very long period of time. Also, the Chinese civilization was growing with these periods of time and it will continues greater than ever. Many wars and unhappinesses were happening during this period. Although, the time has passed, the histories and the civilizations have not passed. These family virtues, serious, working attitudes, sense of justice and the great Confucian tradition have been deeply assimilated into the Chinese people. SomeRead MoreEvaluate the Arguments, Presented i n the Course, Supporting Chomsky’s Claim That Humans Are Innately Predisposed to Acquire Language, Discussing Specifically What It Might Mean for Humans to Be ‘Innately Predisposed to1356 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage is our main means of communication and learning, without it we would not understand each other efficiently enough to communicate our needs and thoughts. It is a very complicated feature of human cognition. Yet children acquire language very naturally and quickly without any formal instruction. Many language experts such as Chomsky (1965) and Pinker (2000) believe this suggests that there is some innate predisposal to acquire language, by this it is meant a genetic mechanism that holds whatRead MoreAmerican Sign Language Is Not A Universal Language1287 Words   |  6 PagesWe exchange thousands of words everyday with people around us. Most of us gifted with the ability to listen to a friend, process it in our brain and respond through our mouth. However, there are some people who lack these kinds of ability, unfortunately. Unlike us, this group of people use sign language to communicate with others. For everyday life, deaf people use sign language to communicate with one another. It is a complete language that involves hand movement added with facial expression andRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Television on Society1089 Words   |  5 Pagesagain, because there are people today that think television is the worst invention ever. There are some people with a point of view that television is a good influence. They think this because they think that television teaches children to be creative which is shown in documentaries and educational programmes. Maybe so, but do these people realise that the more time they spend watching television, the more time theyre taking out of their own social life and the moreRead MoreJapanese Americans From The 1950s Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesJapan, but it also affected Japanese who were born in the United States. The film, it also explained how the United States Government violated the rights of thousands of US citizens from Japanese descendants because they were put into camps and treated as enemies due to the fact that the Japanese regime attacked the United States. Thousands of Japanese were put into camps in Manzanar, California. The Japanese Americans were isolated from society. In 1988, Donald Reagan apologized to the JapaneseRead MoreGlobal Peace855 Words   |  4 PagesWe Smile in the Same Language With a population of billions and more, the world is like one massive home to one big family. The family members speak different languages, practice different religions, and have different lifestyles and a different way of thinking. But they are a family. Do what you can, put a thousand more differences, create a hundred more tribulations, they’ll remain what they always were: A Family. Even if they don’t give regard to this fact, it won’t change the truth; a familyRead MoreMy Adventures Across The Wonderful World Of Literature1260 Words   |  6 PagesDear diary, Through all my adventures across the wonderful world of literature I log my judgement of the printing press changing our language right in front of me. 1946, the renaissance. March 12 Johann Gutenberg†¦ for all he is worth, I despise him. The man named a hero! A Hero! Gutenberg a name to be remembered. Accomplishing a worldwide evolution in literature. His motivation not that of revolution, merely greed. His desire above all else is to become rich, yet I still envy all his name standsRead MoreWhat For You Is The Human Spark983 Words   |  4 Pagesspark, but that theory are not true, however, there are Known human paleontologists primitive Neanderthal as one of the strains that inhabited the earth and some are believed to be the ancestors of human sapiens s in Europe since the year six hundred thousand to three hundred and fifty years 600000-350000 .. Primitive man and has a bad reputation for being barbaric, barbaric, with a low level of intelligence, but scientists are discovering every day so far, and we show you Ten Myths about Neanderthal

Acc499 Written Assignment - 1534 Words

Fraud at Electronic Game Card, Inc. Krista L. Farmer Dr. Randolph A. Stanley, Professor ACC499 – Accounting Undergraduate Capstone November 17, 2012 Fraud at Electronic Game Card, Inc. Discuss the nature of the fraud and the impact to the company as a result of the fraudulent activity. Electronic Game Card Inc. develops, produces, and markets electronic, credit card sized games to the casino, lottery, toy, game, education, and promotional industry worldwide. Chief executive officer Lee Cole and chief financial officer Linden Boyne secretly funneled millions of shares of the company’s stock to entities in Gibraltar which they secretly controlled. Those entities then sold off the stocks and had the funds†¦show more content†¦It is unclear as to how the cover-up was perpetrated. The day-to-day processing of documents would likely have been completed by lower ranking employees, who may or may not have been aware of the situation. At times, lower level employees choose to do what is asked, even if they feel that something is wrong. They point the blame for why a certain procedure was followed on their supervisors as they fear they will lose their jo b. It is management’s responsibility to set the tone of ethical behavior within the company. Mr. Lee’s and Mr. Boyne’s lack of integrity and honesty could have filtered down to the employees, who chose to ignore the unethical behavior. Discuss the impact to the company or brand as a result of the fraudulent activity. On February 10, 2010, the company postponed a conference call that was meant to discuss vital internal issues within the company, which created an instant sixteen percent drop in stock price (Shareholders Foundation, 2010). On this same date, they filed Form 8-K with the SEC, stating that their independent auditors, Mendoza Berger and Company, LLP, had withdrawn its audit opinion for the years ending December 31, 2006, 2007, and 2008 (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010). On April 8th, 2010, the company announced that PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP had begun an investigation into the possible cause of the

Addiction And Its Effects On Drug Abuse Essay - 2065 Words

According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her† (Drug Facts). Codependency disorder and drug addiction often go hand in hand; they feed into each other’s obsessions and unhealthy behaviors. The brains of those afflicted exhibit similar flaws within the prefrontal cortices. There has been speculation whether or not addiction is a disease due to the addicts’ initial decision to abuse a substance. What demands examination is the inner workings of a drug addict’s brain in terms of disease analysis and the similarities with codependency disorder, in conjunction with the structural effects of addiction. Addiction as a whole is an epidemic which has grown rapidly in recent years, 23.5 million Americans are addicted to alcohol and drugs (HBO, USA Today, The Gallup Poll). Approximately 46 Americans die per day from overdoses (Jones et al). Addiction, in its many forms, is a habitual and debilitating disease which affects not only the addict but the loved ones around them. The afflicted often lose everything, their homes, families, pride, even freedom, however, they are seemingly unable to discontinue their substance abuse and subsequent detrimental behavior. There is no solid answer as to why an addict is an addict nor pertaining to the selection of who becomes addicted and who does not,Show MoreRelatedAddiction and Society1244 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction and Society Sociology Professor Trembicki February 22, 2013 Abstract Drug addiction is a disease that damages addicts, their families, communities, the economy, and society. Addiction has a widespread reach: from dealing with unpredictable and often dangerous addicts at home to the costs incurred by society as a whole. As the population of addicts rises and the average age of an addict is younger, society is forced to deal with a pressing matter. Addiction is no longer limitedRead MoreEssay On The Effects Of Drugs739 Words   |  3 Pagesnumber of things that can harm your body. A major one is drug. Not only does drugs harm your body, but also effect your behavior and people around you. Drugs come in many forms, from drinking to smoking. â€Å"Tobacco is one of the world most used drug, and it’s responsible for an estimated 5 million deaths worldwide each year† (Addiction and Health). Abusing drugs can cause mental, health problems, and also effect the people around you. The use of drugs cause people to experience mental issues such as behaviorRead MoreEssay on Burn the Fuse of Drug Abuse667 Words   |  3 Pages Addiction and abuse of drugs have remained an unexplainable circumstance, even till today. A mistaken assumption is that drug abusers lack moral principles, and if given a chance or in the presence of will power, their selections could be altered. In reality, drug addiction is known as a complex disease and requires more than will power or mere good intentions to change. Due to the fact that drug addiction could change the way the brain works, with time, the brain promotes compulsive drug abuseRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse Among Adolescents1423 Words   |  6 PagesDrug abuse among adolescents is a growing problem in the United States with a staggering amount of teens falling victim to the vicious cycle of drug abuse. Teens are subjected to pressure from their peers and have the misconception that using drugs are cool and free of c onsequences. Therefore, teens begin to experiment with drugs and alcohol at an early age and often times don’t think about the negative stigma associated with drug abuse. Unfortunately, even casual use of drugs and alcohol canRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse1298 Words   |  5 PagesPrescription drugs are being taken for reasons other than the ones they are being prescribed for, fueling an addiction that impacts as many as 48 million Americans (Prescription Drug Abuse WebMD). According to MedLinePlus, an estimated 20 percent of people in the United States have used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons. This is prescription drug abuse. While a considerable amount of time, resources, and attention are focused on the problems associated with illicit drugs, prescription drug abuseRead MoreUnderstanding Drug Use And Addiction. The National Institute1116 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Drug Use and Addiction The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) describes addiction as a, â€Å"chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences† (â€Å"Understanding Drug Use and Addiction,† 2016). Long-term use can effect and change a person’s ability to learn, judge, and make decisions. Stress, memory issues, and behavior problems are also common side effects of extended drug use. There is not one single factorRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction Have Negative Consequences For Individuals And For Society1321 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Drug abuse and addiction have negative consequences for individuals and for society† (DrugFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), n.d.). Whether it is illegal substances or it is prescription over use, drug addiction can affect the 18 year old college student or the 70 year old grandmother. Even though drug addiction is still a growing and constant problem each model is fighting to get this problem under control. In this paper we will discuss howRead MorePsychological Effects Of Drugs And Drugs982 Words   |  4 PagesAn addiction is strongly craving something that results in losing control of its use and ultimately causing people to abuse its intended use, in spite of the negative consequences it creates. According to Harvard Health Publications, addiction hijacks the brain by â€Å"first, subverting the way it registers pleasure, and then by corrupting other normal drives such as learning and moving† (HHP). In the early 1900’s researchers believed that people who developed addictions were simply morally flawed. TodayRead MoreDrug Profile1262 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Profile Drug Profile * * Addiction is an escape of experiencing control it is an illusion and a mood altering experience. A pathological relationship with life-threatening or negative consequences, it is the experience that is addicting. People can become addicted to anything that alters our mood or consciousness. Addiction can be about self-harm and when done repeatedly it will stop or ease emotional pain that a person may be going through. An individual’s addiction can showRead MoreAddiction as a Disease: Addiction is a term that has traditionally been used to refer to1400 Words   |  6 PagesAddiction as a Disease: Addiction is a term that has traditionally been used to refer to psychiatric syndrome that is caused by illicit drug use. Actually, addition is the only psychiatric condition whose symptoms are regarded as an illegal activity. In most cases, this term is described on the basis of drug use, which is the main focus of many research and treatment programs. Generally, drug addiction has significant negative effects on individuals using the drug and those around them such as

Dogfish Sharks Essay Research Paper Classification of free essay sample

Dogfish Sharks Essay, Research Paper Categorization of Dogfish sharks Kingdom Animalia ( animate beings ) Phylum Chordata SubPhylum Vertebrata ( craniates ) Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish ) Subclass # 8211 ; Elasmobranchii ( sharks and beams ) Order # 8211 ; Squaliformes ( dogfish sharks ) Family Squalidae Genus Squalus Speciess acanthias Introduction Sharks are fish that have been about longer so dinosaurs hold existed. They live in Waterss all over the universe, in every ocean, and even in some rivers and lakes. Sharks, unlike other fish, have no castanetss ; their skeleton is made of gristle, which is a tough, hempen substance, non about every bit difficult as bone. There are many different species of sharks that range in size from the size of a individual # 8217 ; s manus to bigger than a coach. Fully-grown sharks range in size from 7 inches long to up to 50 pess long. The mean size of sharks is between 5 and 7 pess long and they have a assortment of organic structure forms. Most sharks have streamlined, torpedo-shaped organic structures that glide easy through the H2O. We will write a custom essay sample on Dogfish Sharks Essay Research Paper Classification of or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some bottom-dwelling sharks have flattened organic structures that allow them to conceal in the sand of the ocean floor. Some sharks have an elongated organic structure form, nebs, and tail fives, which they use to catch quarry. There are about 368 different species of sharks, which are divided into 30 households. These different households of sharks are really different in the manner they look, live, and eat. They have different forms, sizes, colour, fives, dentitions, home ground, diet, personality, method of reproduction, and other properties. Some types of shark are really rare and some are really common ( like the dogfish shark ) . Sharks may hold up to 3,000 dentitions at one clip. Most sharks do non masticate their degree Fahrenheit ood they gulp it in big pieces. The dentitions are arranged in rows ; when one tooth is damaged or lost, it is replaced by another. Most sharks have about 5 rows of dentitions at any clip. The forepart set is the largest and does most of the work. Sharks vary greatly in their diets, but they are all carnivores. Some like the dunce are fleet marauders that eat fish, calamari, other sharks, and marine mammals. Some are slow-swimming marauders that crush and eat shellfish from the ocean floor. Others are filter feeders that sieve bantam spots of plankton and little animate beings from the H2O as they swim with unfastened oral cavities. They eat immense sums of these bantam animate beings and workss. Sharks live in oceans and seas all over the universe, and even in some rivers and lakes, particularly in warmer Waterss. Some sharks live near the surface, some unrecorded deep in the H2O, and others live on or near the ocean floor. Some sharks live in comparatively warm Waterss ( dunces, bull sharks, and tiger sharks ) . Other sharks, such as the thrasher, mako, basking and bluish shark, live in temperate H2O ( which is neither hot nor cold ) . Others, including the dogfish, unrecorded in cool Waterss. Some sharks stay in the same part their full lives while others travel across oceans. There are three different types of sharks when it comes to migratory forms: Local sharks # 8211 ; these sharks do non migrate, and scope merely about a 100 stat mis from their home ground. Examples include the bull shark, shovelhead shark, and the nurse shark. Coastal pelagic sharks # 8211 ; these sharks can migrate over 1,000 stat mis ( 1,600 kilometer ) . Examples include the twilight shark, the tiger shark, and the sand bar shark. Highly oceanic sharks # 8211 ; these sharks migrate across oceans. Examples include the bluish shark and the mako. Scientists have shown that sharks are comparatively intelligent and can larn at a rate similar to that of rats and birds

World History to 1500 Essay Example

World History to 1500 Essay According to Bentley-Ziegler (2007), archeological discoveries of the bones and tools of the human ancestors dated five (5) million years ago gave light on the evolution of human species. The first group of specie is the hominid: includes Australopithecus, Australopithecines and Homo erectus. Then, it was followed by the Homo sapiens. (p. 14-15) The first was the Australopithecus, which means southern ape but they were not ape but a hominid belonging to the family of Hominidae – human and humanlike species. Archaeologist described them as short, hairy, and had limited intelligence. They were approximately three (3) feet tall, about 25 to 55 kilograms, and of about 500 cubic centimeters brain size. Famous of this group was Lucy, a woman who died 3.5 million years ago and was excavated 40% of her body last 1974. (Bentley-Ziegler, 2007, p. 15) The second was the Australopithecines, described as sophisticated species, walked upright on two legs, with strong hands used to handle tools and perform tasks, and had learned limitedly to express their self verbally. They traveled a lot in search of stones that they could style and use for food preparation: choppers and scrapers. About one (1) million years ago, this group disappeared and was replaced by new hominid specie – the Homo erectus. (p.15) We will write a custom essay sample on World History to 1500 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on World History to 1500 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on World History to 1500 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Homo erectus, upright walking man, had a more developed brain which measured of about 1,000 cc average capacity. This group lasted from about two (2) million to 200,000 years ago. Aside from the Australopithecines tools, Homo erectus also used cleavers and hand axes which were also useful against predators. The invention of fire could also be regarded to this group which enabled them to eat cooked foods and defend their selves. Dangerous animals’ bones found within their sites showed their team work, cooperation and skills in hunting these animals, made possible by their intelligence and language skills. (pp. 16-17) Then, the Homo sapiens, consciously thinking human, replaced the previous group of specie. This group possessed the largest brain size compared to the previous groups and was nearly the size of the modern human brains. This could be the reason of their remarkable intelligence that helped them to adapt in the changing environment. They made clothes out of animal skin and build shelters to protect them from the cold climate. By one hundred thousand years ago, they disseminated throughout Africa, Europe and Asia where they also met the other Homo erectus. By about, fifteen thousand years ago, they were already scattered in all regions of the world. Archeologist excavated new tolls used by the Homo sapiens: knives, spears, bows and arrow. Like the Homo erectus, Homo sapiens protected themselves with animal skins and fire against the cold climate. They also learned languages to express their selves to others. Because of language, tools and superior intelligence, they were united to exploi t the natural resources in order to survive. As a result, large mammals became extinct: mammoths, woolly rhinoceros, giant kangaroos, mastodons, and horses. (p. 18) Paleolithic era, old stone age, is the longest human experience on earth ranging from the beginning of the first hominid until Homo sapiens started to rely on agriculture – about four million years ago up to twelve thousand years ago. During this age, people lived through hunting and gathering, an economy that prevents individual accumulation of wealth. Individuals those days only own their weapons and tools that will be used in stalking a particular large animal. When it comes to social distinctions, some people stand out because of their age, strength, courage, intelligence, fertility, or some other trait. Not only were they equal in the community but also between sexes. Men grouped themselves in search of a large animal to hunt while women and children gathered plants, roots, nuts, fruits and other possible foods. It was also recommended to maintain little number of children in the family so that as a community they would have enough food and so that they could move from on e place to another easily. The Natulian society in the eastern Mediterranean, now Israel and Lebanon; Jomon society in central Japan; and Chinook society in Pacific northwest region of North America, including the modern states of Oregon, Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia; are the prominent Paleolithic settlements and societies. (Pp.20-22) Next is the Neolithic era, lasted for about twelve thousand to six thousand years ago, and called new Stone Age, since archaeologist excavated polished stones in the agricultural Neolithic sites. One of the significant discoveries in this era is agriculture, wherein people learned to cultivate plants and not just gather them and also learned to domesticate animals. First of the prominent Neolithic sites that showed early agricultural activities during 9000 BCE is southwest Asia, nowadays Iraq, Syria and Turkey. They planted wheat and barley, while domesticating animals: sheep, goats, pigs and cattle. Then about 9000 to 7000, Africans in southeastern portion of Sahara desert, nowadays Sudan, also domesticated cattle, sheep and goats while planting sorghum. Then around 8000 to 6000 BCE, sub-Saharan West Africa, in nowadays Nigeria, also cultivated yam, okra, and black-eyed peas. Then in 6500 BCE East Asian residents in Yangzi River started planting rice and in 5500 BCE nearby community in Yellow River Valley also started cultivating millet and soybeans. These East Asian communities also domesticated pigs, chickens and later on added water buffalos. Southeast Asians in 3000 BCE also cultivated taro, yams, coconut, breadfruit, bananas and citrus fruits: oranges, lime, lemons and tangerine. Residents in Mesoamerica, now Central Mexico, also planted maize (corn), beans, pepper, squash and tomatoes at around 4000 BCE. Lastly, resident in central Andean region in South America, now modern Peru, also cultivated potatoes and later included maize and beans to their diets. Certain possibilities were also seen by archaeologists that early residents in the Amazon River Valley also planted manioc, potatoes and peanuts.   (pp. 26-27) Specialization in labor during Neolithic times was also observed and the three early craft industries were proof: pottery, metallurgy and textile production. Neolithic societies improved the early inventions of the previous group of people. For example, at about 10,000 BCE the Jomon society in Japan produced the first pottery in the world and also the first of the craft industries. Later on, Neolithic craftsmen learned the techniques on improving pottery and as a result this became their mode of expression and utensils for cooking and storage. Another craft industry that boomed during this era is the metallurgy, wherein copper was the first metal that they experimented on. By hammering metal, the villagers were able to make jewelries and simple tools. By about 5000 BCE, craftsmen had learned that high temperature will help them mold the copper easily. They also discovered technologies such as smelting and casting copper and as result they had made decorative and jewelry items; and to ols like knives, axes, hoes and weapons.   In the long run, they also specialized in other forms of metals: gold, bronze, iron, and other metals. The third craft industry in Neolithic era was textile production. The invention of textile might be regarded to the efforts of women who spun thread and wove fabrics while taking care of their children. These crafts were later on trade for other significant items. (pp.31 – 32) After the discovery of agriculture, people stop being nomads and inhabit permanent residences resulted in population increase. The development of labor specialization generated jobs to the society and enabled them to acquire wealth and private property. (p. 32) Of all these Neolithic societies, the most prominent is Jericho, a place with freshwater oasis located in present day Israel. Jericho had a large population of around two thousand residents. The walls that surrounded Jericho showed that they protected their village from invaders that were interested to their wealth. (p. 30) When it comes to urban societies, the earliest is Mesopotamia, located in southwest Asia, which flourished during early fourth millennium BCE. The word Mesopotamia comes from the Greek word which means the land between the rivers – referring to the Tigris and Euphrates River that brought fertility to the land. Mesopotamia also had organized states and political authorities that maintained the peace and order in the whole settlement. It encouraged specialization in labor which also resulted in high quality goods that fueled the trade. (pp. 39-40) Sumerians are the most numbered in Mesopotamia. Sumerians constructed artificial irrigation that gave them abundant harvest. This also led to the increase of their population. By, around 3000 BCE, their population was already one hundred thousand. The increasing wealth of Sumer also attracted other groups of people that intermarry with them: Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew and Phoenician. The Sumerians also built the first cities in the world. These cities became the hub for political, military, economic and cultural activities. Some of the Sumerian cities were Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Legash, Nippur, Kish and the others. Later on these cities were called city-states wherein they extended their influence and authority to the outside of their territories. Because of becoming economically stable, Sumer became prone to invasions and so they established military forces and built walls – amazing walls were mentioned in the epic of Gilgamesh. Sumerians also invented cuneiform, the earliest form o f writing, which was a combination of pictographs and symbols. The epic of Gilgamesh is one of Mesopotamian legends and myths but is also historically based. According to historical accounts, Gilgamesh became the fifth king of the City of Ur for about 126 years. He was also known as the legendary Mesopotamian hero. According to the legend, he was the son of a goddess and a king; he was two thirds divine and one third human. He was favored by the gods with a perfect body and superhuman strengths. It also accounted that Gilgamesh ordered construction of Ur’s huge walls and temples for the city’s deities. Gilgamesh lived with heroic deeds but his friend Endiku, who was always with him in almost all the adventures, had offended the gods and this affected Gilgamesh, who also cheated in having eternal life but the gods did not allow it teaching him that all human beings are fated to die. The overall theme of the epic is friendship, loyalty, ambition and fear of death. (pp. 39 and 49) One successful invader of Sumer was the Akkadians through the leadership of Sargon (2370 – 2315 BCE). Sargon was described as a talented administrator and a brilliant warrior. He was even equated to more than five (5) Akkadians. He established an army and arrange coup against the king of the city-states of Sumer, with great intention to accumulate Mesopotamia’s wealth. He later on took control on the trade routes and supply of natural resources: silver, tin and cedar wood. He was able to transform his land Akkad into wealthiest and most powerful city in the world. However at around 2150 BCE his empire was put to end but his leadership and style remained an example to the next invaders.   (pp. 43-44) One of the successful invaders after Sargon of Akkad was Hammurabi of Babylonia. Babylonian Empire occupied and invaded Mesopotamia until 1600 BCE. He focused his leadership to bureaucracy and taxation. He had efficient and predictable form of government – distributing the accumulated funds from taxes evenly to the people.   He was well known for his law code – Hammurabi’s Code that evolved from the complete and general Mesopotamian law code. This code relied on Lex tallionis, the law of retaliation, wherein a criminal was judged similar to the violation – an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Though, the law code also recognized social standing. For example, if a noble person broke a bone of a fellow noble person; his bone will also be broke. But if a noble person broke a commoner’s bone he will just pay fine. Some of the unforgiving violations were punished with death sentence: murder, theft, fraud, and false accusations, sheltering of runaway slaves, failure to obey royal orders, adultery and incest. Moreover, Hammurabi even added that he was god-chosen to uphold the wellbeing of the people. (p. 45) Because of the stabilized economy of the Babylonian Empire, this once again attracted invaders. The Hittites, established empire from Anatolia, collapsed the Babylonian Empire. But southwest Asia remained in chaos because different empire competed to have Mesopotamia. (p. 46) At around nineteenth century BCE, the Assyrian empire succeeded on establishing their empire in the Tigris River Valley. Assyrians were known as strong individuals and powerful army. They also had prosperous cities at Assur and Nineveh. Assyrians are also known for their horse-drawn chariots that they borrowed from the Hittites. These chariots allowed their feet on a platform and enabled them to move while attacking their enemies with iron weapons. They had a large number of troops that even reached up to fifty thousand persons. Their form of government was patterned to the administrative techniques from the Babylonians. (pp.46 – 47) Then in 600 BCE, the Chaldean empire, popularly known as the new Babylonian Empire, overthrew the Assyrian empire. King Nebuchadnezzar led the new empire bountifully. They had very thick walls – even four horse chariots can turn around – and had occupied 850 hectares of land. One of his popular works is the hanging gardens of Babylon, dedicated to one of his wives, which showed the city’s extravagance wherein Nebuchadnezzar planted in the terraces above the city walls. (p. 47) On the other hand, Mesopotamia also had early influences like to the Hebrews. Hebrews, ancient speakers of Hebrew language and settlers of Palestine were pastoral nomads who also settled in Mesopotamia during its prosperous years. According to the Old Testament of the Bible, Hebrew Scriptures, Abraham was from the Sumerian City of Ur. The Bible also told about the story of a great flood that destroyed the early human society. This had similarities with the flood stories in the Sumerian society; one was even mentioned in the epic of Gilgamesh. These Hebrews were organized into 12 tribes and were known as the Israelites. Early Hebrews worshipped the Mesopotamian gods but Moses taught them of a one God known as Yahweh. Colorful preserved stories of the Hebrews could be read in the Old Testament of the Bible. (pp. 54-55) Another group of people are the Phoenicians, located between the Mediterranean Sea and the mountain of Lebanon. There are major cities of Phoenicia that were considered to be influential in other societies: Tyre, Sidon, Beirut and Byblos. Phoenicians were known for their best ships of their time and for their invention of alphabet twenty two (22) consonants which was later on modified by the Greeks by adding five (5) vowels. Phoenicians also excelled in commerce and trade. (pp. 57 – 58) Other group of people that became influential to the Mesopotamians and other societies were the speakers of Indo-European languages: Sanskrit, Old Persian, Greek, Latin, Hindi, and Farsi. Scholars and linguists noticed that these languages had almost similar vocabularies and grammatical structure. The only explanation the scholars gave was that ancestors of these speakers came from a similar region. It was identified that they came from modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, a region near Black Sea and Caspian Sea. During 3000 BCE, Indo-European started to scatter to different places with their horses and other animals. (pp. 60 – 62) Source: Bentley-Ziegler. Traditions Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, 4th Edition, Volume 1.Hightstown, NJ USA: McGraw-Hill Primis Custom Publishing, 2007. pp. 13 63